Panopticism Writing Task

The panopticon was initially conceived by Jeremy Bentham for ‘institutions where the control of a large number of people or animals was an important priority’ (Bentham). During Bentham’s age, there were calls for more humane forms of punishment. People began to consider the concept of an ideal society maintained by good, healthy people. A person who follows good principles was thought to have a healthy mind. ‘Criminal behaviour was seen as the physical expression of a sick mind resulting from social circumstances’ (Bentham). Rather than follow the traditional method of moderating a large number of bodies i.e. hide them away from the rest of society, which only focused on the physical removal in order to punish and conform, Bentham reversed the principle and concentrated on punishment that would influence the mind.

The design revolves around a cylindrical building consisting of cells which are arranged around a single tower. A lighting system directs light towards these cells while placing the tower in the dark. Using this system, one can observe all of the cells from the tower without being seen. The Panopticon works as an observational tool. Foucault likens the building to a ‘marvellous machine which, whatever use one may wish to put it to, produces homogenous effects of power’ (Foucault).

The simple act of constant observation slowly instils the concept of a higher, dominant power and slowly, the individual begins to conform according to the power. The effects of the panopticon can’t be denied and although there aren’t buildings that follow Bentham’s designs today, panoptic design is an integral part of modern society. It is an effective way of maintaining productivity in the workplace. Even institutions like schools follow a panoptic design where the teacher is be able to observe and look like the superior figure.

Jeremy Bentham varied the panopticon’s design to suit a variety of buildings however the panopticon doesn’t have to be applied to architecture. The idea behind the panopticon, of an all-seeing power that regulates the behaviour of an individual is present in abstract devices as well. Panopticism is present in things like monotheistic religion, the internet and even parenting. The act of knowing you are not alone, and that you are aware that there is some presence of a governing body, is enough. The child will remember the method of the parent throughout their lives and will embody some memory of them.

Foucault stated that after a while individuals subject to the panopticon will begin to govern themselves. The panopticon no longer needs a concrete presence to maintain watch. Individuals will regulate themselves.